Although the precise pathogenesis of ASD remains unclear, factors such as genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, immune dysregulation, and neurodevelopmental abnormalities are collectively believed to contribute to its onset
For example, individuals with CKD often show reduced glutathione levels, which can exacerbate oxidative stress and contribute to further kidney damage
60 Then, in the nucleus, the altered transcription factor c-Fos can further biphasic change the expression of caveoline under the chronic treatments, thus the alteration levels of caveoline on cellular membrane can finally affect the downstream activation of PTEN/PI3K/AKT/GSK3 60
Symbiotic bacteria metabolize dietary lipid phosphatidylcholine and red meat component L-carnitine, which leads to the accumulation of TMAO, suggesting that our targeted inhibition of this reaction can reverse the accumulation of TMAO and improve the development of disease [172, 173]
